THE TOPRAK-KALA FORTRESS IS THE CAPITAL OF ANCIENT STATE OF KHOREZM
Keywords:
Akchakhan-Kala, Ellikqala District, Zoroastrian temple, art drawing, music, art, dance, theater arts, ancient state, capital.Abstract
Toprak-Kala was built in I-IV centuries AD and now it is located on site of Ellikqala District. Name is translated as "dirt fortress". Toprak-Kala appears to have been built by Artav (Artabanos), ruler of Khwarezm, in the 1st or 2nd century CE. The establishment of Toprak-Kala probably followed the abandonment of Akchakhan-Kala, 14 km to the southwest.
References
Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (31 December 2013). Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area. Oxbow Books, Limited. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-78297-167-2.
Неразик, Е.Е., Лапиров-Скобло, М.С., Трудновская, С.А. & Вайнберг, Б.И. (1981). Городище Топрак-кала (раскопки 1965-1975 гг.) (ТХАЭЭ, т. 12). Москва.
"The second king of the dynasty was Artav ( ' ri ' w " the just " ; Vainberg , 1977 , p . 52 ). He appears to have begun construction of a new capital , the ruins of which were discovered by Sergey Tolstov in 1938 at Toprak - kala" Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 514. ISBN 9780710090904.
Jump up to:a b c d Minardi, Michele (January 2020). "The Ancient Chorasmian Unbaked-clay Modelled Sculptures: Hellenistic Cultural 'Impacts' on an Eastern Iranian Polity". Religion, Society, Trade and Kingship. Art and Archaeology in South Asia Along the Silk Road 5500 BCE-5th Century CE (South Asian Archaeology and Art 2016, Volume 1): 195–205, Figs. 7, 9, 11.
"Apart from purely archaeological and artistic evidence , the date has been determined from coins of the Kushan kings Vima Kadphises and Kanishka, and of the Khwarazmian king Artav , that were found on the lower floors of some structures . Some economic documents found in the Palace were dated to between 188 and 252 of the Khwarazmian era , i . e . , to within the third century A.D. It should be borne in mind that only an insignificant portion of the archive has survived." in "Bulletin of the Asia Institute". Wayne State University Press. 1996: 183.
Jump up to:a b "Toprak - Kala was for a long time its capital . Later the seat of authority was changed to the city of Kyat ( afterwards called Shabbaz and now known as Biruni ) . This transfer took place during the reign of Afrig , a Chorasmian King ." Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 204 and 414.
Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1969). Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960. Brill Archive. p. 414.
"Theories that Chorasmia was incorporated into the Kushan empire are refuted by the numismatic evidence ; there was no interruption in the local minting of silver coins, and many Kushan coins bear Chorasmian overstrikes, often obliterating the rulers' portraits." Yar-Shater, Ehsan (1982). Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 514. ISBN 9780710090904.
"CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic hist. – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
Jettmar, Karl (1967). "The Middle Asiatic Heritage of Dardistan. (Islamic Collective Tombs in Punyal and Their Background)" (PDF). East and West. 17 (1/2): 59–82, Fig. 11. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29755106
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